Individual protons, overall, behave as fermions, not as bosons. The electrostatic repulsion and the attractive strong nuclear force, in tandem, are what give the proton its size, and the properties of quark mixing are required to explain the suite of free and composite particles in our Universe. antiquarks, and orbital angular momentum as well. The three valence quarks of a proton contribute to its spin, but so do the gluons, sea quarks and.
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